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Thurbrand the Hold
Thurbrand (; fl. 1010s), nicknamed "the Hold", was a Northumbrian magnate in the early 11th-century. Perhaps based in Holderness and East Yorkshire, Thurbrand was recorded as the killer of Uhtred the Bold, Earl of Northumbria. The killing appears to have been part of the war between Sweyn Forkbeard and Cnut the Great against the English king Æthelred the Unready, Uhtred being the latter's chief Northumbrian supporter. Thurbrand may also have attested a charter of 1009 and given a horse to Æthelred's son Æthelstan Ætheling. The killing is the first known act, if it did not initiate, a bloodfeud between Thurbrand's family and Uhtred going into the time of Earl Waltheof. It is possible that Holderness took its name because of Thurbrand's presence or ownership of the peninsula.
==Background==
Thurbrand's ''floruit'' lay in the reigns of Æthelred (978–1016), Sweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014) and Cnut (1016–1035). The ''Historia Regum'' and ''Chronicle'' of John of Worcester say that Thurbrand was a "Danish nobleman" (''nobilo et Danico viro'')〔Arnold (ed.), ''Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia'', vol. ii, p. 148; Darlington and McGurk, ''Chronicle'', pp. 482, 483; Kapelle, ''Norman Conquest'', p. 19; Stevenson, ''History of the Kings'', p. 107–08〕 His title, that of "Hold", derives from an office said by the ''Norðleoda laga'' ("Law of the North People") to have been equal in wergild to a royal high-reeve, above a thegn but below an ealdorman.〔(The North People's Law (Fordham) ); Kapelle, ''Norman Conquest'', p. 19; Whitelock, ''English Historical Documents'', p. 469〕 There is a strong possibility that Thurbrand ruled Holderness (see below).〔Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 51; Williams, ''English'', pp. 30–31〕
In a charter of 1009, recording King Æthelred's grant of land in Derbyshire to a thegn named Morcar, the 26th thegn on the witness list is named Thurbrand (''Þurbrand'').〔; Hart (ed.), ''Early Charters'', pp. 219–28 (Burton no. xxxi), 361; Keynes, ''Atlas of Attestations'', Table LXIII (9 of 9)〕 In the will of Æthelstan Ætheling, dating to 1014, a ''Þurbrand'' is said to have given the ætheling a horse.〔; Hart (ed.), ''Early Charters'', p. 361〕 It is possible that either or both are Thurbrand the Hold.〔Hart (ed.), ''Early Charters'', p. 361〕
According to the late 11th- or early 12th-century Durham tract called ''De Obsessione Dunelmi'', Thurbrand was the "leading enemy" of Styr son of Ulf.〔Morris, ''Marriage and Murder'', p. 2〕 The same source says that Styr was a "wealthy citizen", perhaps of the city of York, and he was notable according to the ''Historia de Sancto Cuthberto'' and the ''Libellus de Exordio'' for giving Darlington and other lands to the church of Durham.〔Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 53; Hart, ''Early Charters'', p. 147, n. 2; Kapelle, ''Norman Conquest'', p. 242, n. 38; Rollason (ed.), ''Libellus'', pp. 152, 153, 14; South (ed.), ''Historia'', p. 67〕 ''De Obsessione''e says that the Earl of the Northumbrians Uhtred the Bold married Styr's daughter Sige on the condition that he would kill Thurbrand, becoming "a kind of contract killer" ().〔Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 52; Morris, ''Marriage and Murder'', p. 2〕 It becomes apparent however that Uhtred failed to carry out his task—although it is presumed he tried—as Thurbrand lives to slay Uhtred.〔Kapelle, ''Norman Conquest'', p. 17〕
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